Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of bacteria, with Gardnerella vaginalis being the most commonly associated bacterium. It occurs when harmful bacteria outnumber the beneficial lactobacilli, leading to changes in vaginal pH and discomfort. While not classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), BV is more common in sexually active individuals and can increase the risk of other infections.
Causes & How Bacterial Vaginosis Develops
BV occurs when the natural balance of vaginal bacteria is disrupted, allowing an overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic bacteria.
Common risk factors include:
- Douching, which disrupts the vaginal microbiome.
- Unprotected sex, particularly with new or multiple partners.
- Changes in vaginal pH, from semen, menstruation, or hormonal shifts.
- Use of scented soaps, vaginal deodorants, or harsh hygiene products.
- Smoking, which has been linked to increased BV risk.
- Having an intrauterine device (IUD), which may alter vaginal flora.
Common Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis
Many individuals with BV experience mild or no symptoms, but when symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Thin, gray or white vaginal discharge.
- Strong, fishy vaginal odor, especially after sex.
- Mild itching or irritation in the vaginal area.
- Burning sensation during urination.
Unlike some infections, BV does not typically cause significant pain, swelling, or redness.
How Bacterial Vaginosis is Diagnosed
BV is diagnosed through clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. Common diagnostic methods include:
- Vaginal pH testing, as BV is often associated with a higher pH (>4.5).
- Microscopic examination of vaginal fluid, to check for clue cells (bacteria-covered epithelial cells).
- Whiff test, where a vaginal sample is mixed with potassium hydroxide to detect a fishy odor.
- Bacterial culture, in unclear cases or recurrent infections.
Bacterial Vaginosis Treatments & Management
BV requires proper management to restore the balance of vaginal bacteria. Common approaches include:
- Medical treatments, aimed at rebalancing vaginal flora when necessary.
- Avoiding douching and irritating hygiene products, to maintain a healthy microbiome.
- Abstaining from sexual activity or using protection, to reduce recurrence risk.
Supportive care may also include:
- Probiotics, particularly lactobacillus supplements, to restore beneficial bacteria.
- Wearing breathable cotton underwear, to maintain vaginal moisture balance.
- Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use, which can disrupt bacterial balance.
Possible Complications of Bacterial Vaginosis
While BV is often mild, untreated cases can lead to complications, including:
- Increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV.
- Pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and low birth weight.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), in some cases.
- Higher risk of post-surgical infections, particularly after gynecological procedures.
How to Prevent Bacterial Vaginosis
Preventing BV involves maintaining a balanced vaginal environment and practicing good hygiene. Key preventive measures include:
- Avoiding douching, which disrupts vaginal bacteria.
- Using unscented soaps and gentle feminine hygiene products.
- Limiting the number of sexual partners, to reduce microbiome disturbances.
- Wearing loose, breathable underwear, to prevent excess moisture.
- Eating probiotic-rich foods, such as yogurt, to support vaginal health.
Trivia About Bacterial Vaginosis
- BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age, affecting millions worldwide.
- Unlike yeast infections, BV is caused by an imbalance of bacteria, not fungi.
- BV can sometimes resolve on its own, though treatment is recommended for persistent symptoms.
- Men do not typically develop BV, but male partners may play a role in its recurrence.
- Pregnant individuals with BV are at higher risk for complications, making screening important.
Disclaimer
This article is for informational purposes only and does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. It is intended to share general knowledge about bacterial vaginosis in an easy-to-understand way. If you have health concerns, consult a qualified medical professional for guidance.